"FHE"

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FHE (Fully Homomorphic Encryption) allows third parties to perform unlimited calculations and operations on encrypted data without decryption, thus achieving combinable on-chain privacy calculations. ArkStream Capital has written an article introducing the concept, application scenarios, and ecosystem of FHE, as well as the FHE-Rollup type Layer2 solution that Fhenix is building.

Crypto researcher Mustafa Hourani investigates and explores some companies building products using FHE (Fully Homomorphic Encryption). He believes that FHE may become the next big technology sweeping the industry like ZKP (Zero-Knowledge Proof), and is a key catalyst for advancing data privacy and ownership.

This article introduces Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), explaining its basic concepts, how it works, and where it can be used. With FHE, complex calculations can be done while keeping data private.

The application scenarios of FHE are vast, extending beyond just Web3 and blockchain. It caters to any private data within the entire internet ecosystem. This article will introduce you to the main participants and application scenarios of the FHE track.

This article will provide an in-depth analysis of the key role of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) in improving the privacy of blockchain applications. It will also highlight the significance of the future development potential of these technologies in the realm of blockchain data privacy.

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) represents the cutting edge of privacy protection technology. It offers exceptional privacy safeguards and can be utilized in Web3 for securing transaction privacy, protecting AI data, and enhancing privacy in co-processing units.

Ethereum's need to scale has led to the development of Layer 2 solutions, with ZK/OP rollups emerging as key players, forming a short-term OP and long-term ZK consensus, highlighting ARB, OP, zkSync, and StarkNet as major contenders. Web3 users prioritize privacy only when it provides economic value. FHE's encryption cost further burdens the already low on-chain efficiency, and large-scale adoption is feasible only when significant benefits justify the cost. For institutional clients needing public blockchains but unwilling to disclose all information, FHE's ability to display and trade ciphertext is more suitable than ZKP.

This article compares three encryption technologies: Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK), and Multi-Party Computation (MPC), explaining their respective mechanisms and roles in blockchain applications.

Bitcoin and Ethereum have eliminated intermediaries in financial transactions but sacrificed privacy. With the development of zero-knowledge proof technology, on-chain privacy has become a core theme of Web 3. Aztec and Aleo are two promising networks. ZKP is suitable for private state changes, protecting user privacy, and can be used for use cases such as anonymous social media and enterprise invoices/payments. FHE methods can address the issue of sharing private states, applicable to scenarios like uncollateralized DeFi loans and on-chain KYC. MPC methods can protect the privacy of private keys and data, suitable for decentralized AI training and inference. These technologies can be combined to achieve a more comprehensive protection effect.

This article aims to provide to the reader a higher level overview of what FHE can be used for and the different scenarios or setups that leverage FHE. In a future blogpost, we will dive into more details about the types of FHE (which influence the kind of computations we can perform) and finally which kind of compilers we can find to translate our programs into operations that can be computed using FHE.

Homomorphic encryption is a cryptographic technique that allows specific computations to be performed directly on encrypted data without prior decryption. Only upon final decryption is the correct plaintext result revealed. This technology's uniqueness lies in its dual ability to protect data privacy and enable "active" encrypted data—allowing continued data processing under a secure umbrella. As a result, homomorphic encryption emerges as an ideal technology that seamlessly integrates privacy protection with data processing, finding widespread application across an increasing number of fields.

Privacy 2.0 will enable new economies, new applications—new whitespace to be unlocked. It is arguably the biggest unlock in crypto since smart contracts and oracles. In this article, I’ll break down each privacy-enhancing technology, their impact, and the projects bringing them to life.

This article introduces the principles, challenges and future optimization plans of FHE.

In the decentralized world, privacy technology is becoming essential. Zama is at the forefront with its advanced Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) technology, which redefines data privacy protection. Using its "TFHE-rs" FHE library, Zama enables encrypted data processing without decryption, ensuring privacy and security. Additionally, Zama’s fhEVM applies this technology to smart contracts, enabling private smart contracts that keep data confidential even as it circulates on the blockchain. Supported by the Concrete library, which simulates and optimizes FHE operations, Zama offers a complete privacy computing solution, advancing blockchain privacy technology.

This article primarily introduces programmable encryption technologies such as MPC, FHE, IO, in addition to the history of ZK.