الدرس رقم 4

Ecosystem and Applications

In this lesson, we will look into the development environment of Fantom, focusing on smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). We explore the tools and languages supported by Fantom, with a special emphasis on Scala, which is integral to writing robust and efficient smart contracts on the Fantom blockchain.

Overview of Smart Contracts and dApps on Fantom

Smart Contracts on Fantom

Smart contracts on Fantom are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automate transactions and other specific actions on the OPERA Chain when predetermined conditions are met, similar to a vending machine mechanism. Fantom’s smart contracts leverage the high throughput and immediate finality of the Lachesis Protocol, offering a potent environment for developers to build applications that require real-time data processing.

Decentralized Applications (dApps)

Fantom supports a vibrant ecosystem for dApps that benefit from its high-performance capabilities. These dApps range across various sectors, including finance, supply chain management, and digital identity, taking full advantage of the OPERA Chain’s scalability and security features .

Scala’s Role in Smart Contracts

Scala, a functional programming language known for its concise and robust syntax, is used for writing smart contracts on Fantom. Scala’s strong static type system helps in writing safe code that is less prone to errors, which is crucial for contract reliability and security. The language’s functional nature allows developers to write code that is clear and to the point, which can then be compiled to bytecode for the Fantom Virtual Machine (FVM).

Development Environment

Fantom provides an integrated development environment that includes a smart contract script editor, making it easier for developers to draft, test, and deploy their contracts. The environment also supports various transaction conditions that align with the specific requirements of different dApps.

Fantom DeFi

The Fantom DeFi ecosystem is a robust platform that supports a diverse range of decentralized financial services and applications. It leverages Fantom’s high throughput and low transaction costs to provide a scalable and efficient environment for DeFi operations. This includes lending protocols, decentralized exchanges, yield farming, and liquidity mining, which are all built to utilize Fantom’s fast finality and secure architecture.

Tools and Languages Supported

FVM (Fantom Virtual Machine)

It acts as the execution environment for smart contracts on Fantom. It is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), allowing for a smooth transition for developers already familiar with Ethereum’s development practices.

Smart Contract Script Editor

A tool provided by Fantom to facilitate the writing of smart contracts, allowing the entry of diverse transaction conditions tailored to the dApps’ functionalities. While Scala is a primary choice due to its functional features and robustness, Fantom’s architecture also supports other popular programming languages, providing flexibility and ease of adoption for developers from different backgrounds.

Deploying and Managing Applications

Pre-Deployment Preparation

Before deployment, it’s crucial to thoroughly test the smart contract code for any vulnerabilities or bugs. Fantom’s development environment includes testing frameworks that simulate the blockchain environment for stress testing and scenario testing. Optimize the smart contract code for gas efficiency and compliance with Fantom’s transaction processing capabilities to ensure cost-effectiveness and performance.

Deployment Process

Compile the smart contract code into bytecode that can be deployed to the Fantom blockchain. This process involves converting the high-level language, such as Scala, into a lower-level language that is executable on the Fantom Virtual Machine (FVM). Utilize Fantom’s wallet interfaces or command-line tools to deploy the compiled smart contract onto the blockchain. This step typically requires specifying the gas limit and potentially adjusting it based on the complexity of the contract.

Monitoring and Maintenance

Keep track of transactions processed by the dApp using Fantom’s blockchain explorer, which provides insights into transaction statuses, block confirmations, and potential errors. Utilize tools that monitor the performance of the dApp in terms of processing speed, gas usage, and user interactions. Adjustments may be required based on this data to optimize the dApp’s performance.

Version Control and Updates

Implement version control mechanisms within the smart contracts to facilitate future updates without disrupting the dApp’s operation. Techniques such as proxy contracts or decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) can be used for managing updates. Carefully plan and execute updates to smart contracts, ensuring they are tested and verified before being pushed live. This may involve multi-sig approvals if the dApp operates in a highly decentralized environment.

Middleware and APIs

Middleware acts as a bridge between the Fantom blockchain and the dApp, facilitating data flow and enhancing communication. It helps in managing API calls, data retrieval, and orchestration of various blockchain operations. Fantom provides a range of APIs that allow dApps to interact with blockchain data efficiently. These APIs cover functionalities from retrieving wallet balances to sending transactions and querying smart contract states.

FTMScan

FTMScan is a comprehensive blockchain explorer for the Fantom network. It allows users to view detailed information on transactions, addresses, blocks, and tokens on the Fantom blockchain. This tool is essential for tracking transaction histories, wallet balances, and verifying network activity in real-time.

Fantom Explorer

Fantom Explorer is another blockchain explorer tailored for the Fantom ecosystem. Similar to FTMScan, it provides insights into transactions, contracts, and blockchain metrics, supporting transparency and accessibility for users interacting with the network.

fWallet

fWallet is Fantom’s official wallet, designed to manage FTM tokens securely. It supports functions like token transfers, staking, and participation in on-chain governance. The wallet is user-friendly, providing a central hub for users to interact with the Fantom ecosystem effectively.

Fantom’s Ecosystem Vault

The Fantom Ecosystem Vault is an integral part of the network’s strategy to foster a thriving community of developers and innovators. It channels a portion of transaction fees collected on the network into the vault, which then redistributes these funds to support various dApps.

  • Revenue Source: 10% of all Fantom transaction fees are directed into the Ecosystem Vault.
  • Distribution: These funds are distributed to dApps through quarterly funding rounds, following a community-driven governance process.

To tap into the Ecosystem Vault, dApp developers must engage with the Fantom community and governance system. The process includes:

  • Proposal Submission: Developers submit proposals detailing their projects and the amount of funding required.
  • Community Voting: Proposals are reviewed and voted on by FTM token holders, ensuring that only viable and valued projects receive funding.
  • Funding Allocation: Upon successful approval, funds are streamed to the dApp’s designated multi-sig wallet over time, allowing for gradual and monitored utilization of the funds.

The Ecosystem Vault is not just a funding mechanism but also a tool for engaging the community in the governance of the Fantom ecosystem. This involvement ensures that the allocation of resources aligns with the broader goals and preferences of the Fantom community. The vault is managed by a governance contract, controlled by FTM token holders, which emphasizes the decentralized ethos of the Fantom network. By financially supporting innovative projects, the vault plays a pivotal role in expanding and enriching the Fantom ecosystem.

Gas Monetization Program

Fantom’s Gas Monetization Program is aimed at empowering developers by allowing them to earn a percentage of the gas fees generated by their applications. This innovative program underscores Fantom’s commitment to supporting its developer community and ensuring that successful dApps can achieve sustainable growth. Developers receive 15% of the gas fees their dApps generate. This incentivizes developers to create more engaging and valuable dApps on the Fantom network.

To participate in the Gas Monetization Program, there are specific criteria that must be met:

  • Transaction Threshold: A dApp must generate at least 15,000 transactions per contract to qualify.
  • Operational Duration: The dApp must have been live on the Fantom mainnet for a minimum of one month.
  • Security: An active multi-sig wallet address is required for the dApp, enhancing the security and governance of the transactions.

Financial Incentives

By directly linking financial rewards to the amount of network activity a dApp generates, Fantom not only motivates developers to improve their applications but also aligns their interests with the overall health of the blockchain.

Community and Network Growth

This program is expected to attract a higher number of developers to the Fantom ecosystem, fostering a more vibrant and competitive marketplace of ideas and services.

Blockchain Gaming on Fantom

Fantom Gaming emerges as a pioneering force in blockchain-powered gaming, ushering in a new era of innovation and empowerment for gamers worldwide. By using the advanced capabilities of the Fantom platform, Fantom Gaming sets out to revolutionize the gaming landscape with unparalleled features and benefits. Blockchain games represent a paradigm shift in gaming, offering a myriad of advantages over traditional counterparts. Fantom Gaming recognizes the transformative potential of blockchain technology in gaming and is committed to harnessing its unique features to create an immersive and rewarding gaming experience.

Digital Ownership

One of the cornerstones of blockchain games is the concept of digital ownership. Fantom Gaming empowers players by enabling them to truly own and trade their in-game assets, currencies, and more. This not only enhances the sense of ownership and investment but also introduces new avenues for economic activities within and beyond the game environment.

Next-Level Economics

By integrating blockchain technology, Fantom Gaming transcends traditional gaming boundaries, enabling game currencies to facilitate universal economic activities. This opens up exciting possibilities for players to engage in decentralized finance (DeFi) activities and participate in broader economic ecosystems.

Interoperability

Fantom Gaming embraces interoperability, allowing developers to seamlessly leverage assets from different games and projects into their creations. This fosters creativity and collaboration within the gaming community, leading to the emergence of richer and more diverse gaming experiences.

Speed and High Throughput

With Fantom’s lightning-fast transaction processing capabilities, gameplay on Fantom Gaming is characterized by unparalleled speed and responsiveness. Transactions are executed within a second, maintaining low and stable costs even amidst millions of daily transactions.

Access to Funding

Fantom Gaming provides developers with access to funding through grants and Gas Monetization, empowering them to finance their game projects and bring their creative visions to life.

Ultra-Fast Finality and Low Transaction Fees

Fantom Gaming boasts ultra-fast finality, with transactions confirmed in less than a second, ensuring a smooth and frictionless gaming experience. Additionally, transaction fees are kept minimal, with costs as low as <0.01$, making Fantom Gaming accessible to a wide range of players.

Planet-Friendly Gaming

In an era where sustainability is paramount, Fantom Gaming takes pride in its environmentally conscious approach. The Fantom network consumes significantly less electricity than traditional gaming systems, with an energy footprint that is a fraction of the average US household’s consumption. By choosing Fantom Gaming, players contribute to the collective effort to reduce carbon emissions and minimize environmental impact.

Greenify Your Game

Fantom Gaming is committed to greenifying the gaming industry, setting a new standard for sustainability and eco-friendliness. By embracing the energy-efficient infrastructure of the Fantom network, developers and players alike can enjoy guilt-free gaming experiences while contributing to a greener planet.

Comparative Advantage

When compared to traditional gaming systems, Fantom Gaming’s energy footprint is significantly lower, underscoring its commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility. By embracing blockchain technology, Fantom Gaming not only offers cutting-edge gaming experiences but also paves the way for a more sustainable future for the gaming industry as a whole.

Digital Ownership with NFTs

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) stand out as a revolutionary force, transforming the landscape of digital ownership, uniqueness, and authentication. Powered by blockchain technology, NFTs provide a solution to the age-old problem of establishing true ownership in the digital realm, offering a wealth of possibilities for creators, collectors, and enthusiasts alike.

NFTs open up a vast array of opportunities across various domains. In NFTs lies the concept of digital ownership, allowing individuals to experience true ownership of digital assets or tokenize real-world assets on the blockchain. NFTs provide a robust mechanism for authenticating assets through on-chain proof. This ensures the integrity and provenance of digital assets, offering assurance to both creators and collectors regarding the authenticity and originality of the items. From rare artwork to limited edition collectibles, NFTs serve as a trusted solution for verifying the legitimacy of digital assets.

For creators, NFTs offer a groundbreaking opportunity to monetize their digital work and earn royalties with every trade. By tokenizing their creations as NFTs, creators can tap into new revenue streams and establish direct relationships with their audience, eliminating intermediaries and maximizing their earning potential. Fantom emerges as a leader in the realm of NFTs, addressing key challenges and unlocking the full potential of this transformative technology.

PaintSwap: The Ultimate NFT Marketplace

As the most advanced decentralized NFT marketplace, PaintSwap offers users a seamless platform for buying, selling, and trading NFTs. With low trading fees and a user-friendly interface, PaintSwap provides a vibrant marketplace where creators and collectors can connect, discover, and exchange digital assets with ease.

Fantom simplifies the process of creating NFTs through smart contracts, offering support for royalties without requiring coding skills. Creators can mint NFTs to their smart contracts using a straightforward interface, empowering them to tokenize their creations and engage with the NFT ecosystem effortlessly. PaintSwap’s open marketplace allows users to list and sell their NFTs with ease, providing a frictionless experience for creators and collectors alike. With low trading fees and a diverse range of assets, PaintSwap fosters a dynamic ecosystem where NFTs can be bought, sold, and traded freely.

إخلاء المسؤولية
* ينطوي الاستثمار في العملات الرقمية على مخاطر كبيرة. فيرجى المتابعة بحذر. ولا تهدف الدورة التدريبية إلى تقديم المشورة الاستثمارية.
* تم إنشاء الدورة التدريبية من قبل المؤلف الذي انضم إلى مركز التعلّم في Gate. ويُرجى العلم أنّ أي رأي يشاركه المؤلف لا يمثّل مركز التعلّم في Gate.
الكتالوج
الدرس رقم 4

Ecosystem and Applications

In this lesson, we will look into the development environment of Fantom, focusing on smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). We explore the tools and languages supported by Fantom, with a special emphasis on Scala, which is integral to writing robust and efficient smart contracts on the Fantom blockchain.

Overview of Smart Contracts and dApps on Fantom

Smart Contracts on Fantom

Smart contracts on Fantom are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automate transactions and other specific actions on the OPERA Chain when predetermined conditions are met, similar to a vending machine mechanism. Fantom’s smart contracts leverage the high throughput and immediate finality of the Lachesis Protocol, offering a potent environment for developers to build applications that require real-time data processing.

Decentralized Applications (dApps)

Fantom supports a vibrant ecosystem for dApps that benefit from its high-performance capabilities. These dApps range across various sectors, including finance, supply chain management, and digital identity, taking full advantage of the OPERA Chain’s scalability and security features .

Scala’s Role in Smart Contracts

Scala, a functional programming language known for its concise and robust syntax, is used for writing smart contracts on Fantom. Scala’s strong static type system helps in writing safe code that is less prone to errors, which is crucial for contract reliability and security. The language’s functional nature allows developers to write code that is clear and to the point, which can then be compiled to bytecode for the Fantom Virtual Machine (FVM).

Development Environment

Fantom provides an integrated development environment that includes a smart contract script editor, making it easier for developers to draft, test, and deploy their contracts. The environment also supports various transaction conditions that align with the specific requirements of different dApps.

Fantom DeFi

The Fantom DeFi ecosystem is a robust platform that supports a diverse range of decentralized financial services and applications. It leverages Fantom’s high throughput and low transaction costs to provide a scalable and efficient environment for DeFi operations. This includes lending protocols, decentralized exchanges, yield farming, and liquidity mining, which are all built to utilize Fantom’s fast finality and secure architecture.

Tools and Languages Supported

FVM (Fantom Virtual Machine)

It acts as the execution environment for smart contracts on Fantom. It is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), allowing for a smooth transition for developers already familiar with Ethereum’s development practices.

Smart Contract Script Editor

A tool provided by Fantom to facilitate the writing of smart contracts, allowing the entry of diverse transaction conditions tailored to the dApps’ functionalities. While Scala is a primary choice due to its functional features and robustness, Fantom’s architecture also supports other popular programming languages, providing flexibility and ease of adoption for developers from different backgrounds.

Deploying and Managing Applications

Pre-Deployment Preparation

Before deployment, it’s crucial to thoroughly test the smart contract code for any vulnerabilities or bugs. Fantom’s development environment includes testing frameworks that simulate the blockchain environment for stress testing and scenario testing. Optimize the smart contract code for gas efficiency and compliance with Fantom’s transaction processing capabilities to ensure cost-effectiveness and performance.

Deployment Process

Compile the smart contract code into bytecode that can be deployed to the Fantom blockchain. This process involves converting the high-level language, such as Scala, into a lower-level language that is executable on the Fantom Virtual Machine (FVM). Utilize Fantom’s wallet interfaces or command-line tools to deploy the compiled smart contract onto the blockchain. This step typically requires specifying the gas limit and potentially adjusting it based on the complexity of the contract.

Monitoring and Maintenance

Keep track of transactions processed by the dApp using Fantom’s blockchain explorer, which provides insights into transaction statuses, block confirmations, and potential errors. Utilize tools that monitor the performance of the dApp in terms of processing speed, gas usage, and user interactions. Adjustments may be required based on this data to optimize the dApp’s performance.

Version Control and Updates

Implement version control mechanisms within the smart contracts to facilitate future updates without disrupting the dApp’s operation. Techniques such as proxy contracts or decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) can be used for managing updates. Carefully plan and execute updates to smart contracts, ensuring they are tested and verified before being pushed live. This may involve multi-sig approvals if the dApp operates in a highly decentralized environment.

Middleware and APIs

Middleware acts as a bridge between the Fantom blockchain and the dApp, facilitating data flow and enhancing communication. It helps in managing API calls, data retrieval, and orchestration of various blockchain operations. Fantom provides a range of APIs that allow dApps to interact with blockchain data efficiently. These APIs cover functionalities from retrieving wallet balances to sending transactions and querying smart contract states.

FTMScan

FTMScan is a comprehensive blockchain explorer for the Fantom network. It allows users to view detailed information on transactions, addresses, blocks, and tokens on the Fantom blockchain. This tool is essential for tracking transaction histories, wallet balances, and verifying network activity in real-time.

Fantom Explorer

Fantom Explorer is another blockchain explorer tailored for the Fantom ecosystem. Similar to FTMScan, it provides insights into transactions, contracts, and blockchain metrics, supporting transparency and accessibility for users interacting with the network.

fWallet

fWallet is Fantom’s official wallet, designed to manage FTM tokens securely. It supports functions like token transfers, staking, and participation in on-chain governance. The wallet is user-friendly, providing a central hub for users to interact with the Fantom ecosystem effectively.

Fantom’s Ecosystem Vault

The Fantom Ecosystem Vault is an integral part of the network’s strategy to foster a thriving community of developers and innovators. It channels a portion of transaction fees collected on the network into the vault, which then redistributes these funds to support various dApps.

  • Revenue Source: 10% of all Fantom transaction fees are directed into the Ecosystem Vault.
  • Distribution: These funds are distributed to dApps through quarterly funding rounds, following a community-driven governance process.

To tap into the Ecosystem Vault, dApp developers must engage with the Fantom community and governance system. The process includes:

  • Proposal Submission: Developers submit proposals detailing their projects and the amount of funding required.
  • Community Voting: Proposals are reviewed and voted on by FTM token holders, ensuring that only viable and valued projects receive funding.
  • Funding Allocation: Upon successful approval, funds are streamed to the dApp’s designated multi-sig wallet over time, allowing for gradual and monitored utilization of the funds.

The Ecosystem Vault is not just a funding mechanism but also a tool for engaging the community in the governance of the Fantom ecosystem. This involvement ensures that the allocation of resources aligns with the broader goals and preferences of the Fantom community. The vault is managed by a governance contract, controlled by FTM token holders, which emphasizes the decentralized ethos of the Fantom network. By financially supporting innovative projects, the vault plays a pivotal role in expanding and enriching the Fantom ecosystem.

Gas Monetization Program

Fantom’s Gas Monetization Program is aimed at empowering developers by allowing them to earn a percentage of the gas fees generated by their applications. This innovative program underscores Fantom’s commitment to supporting its developer community and ensuring that successful dApps can achieve sustainable growth. Developers receive 15% of the gas fees their dApps generate. This incentivizes developers to create more engaging and valuable dApps on the Fantom network.

To participate in the Gas Monetization Program, there are specific criteria that must be met:

  • Transaction Threshold: A dApp must generate at least 15,000 transactions per contract to qualify.
  • Operational Duration: The dApp must have been live on the Fantom mainnet for a minimum of one month.
  • Security: An active multi-sig wallet address is required for the dApp, enhancing the security and governance of the transactions.

Financial Incentives

By directly linking financial rewards to the amount of network activity a dApp generates, Fantom not only motivates developers to improve their applications but also aligns their interests with the overall health of the blockchain.

Community and Network Growth

This program is expected to attract a higher number of developers to the Fantom ecosystem, fostering a more vibrant and competitive marketplace of ideas and services.

Blockchain Gaming on Fantom

Fantom Gaming emerges as a pioneering force in blockchain-powered gaming, ushering in a new era of innovation and empowerment for gamers worldwide. By using the advanced capabilities of the Fantom platform, Fantom Gaming sets out to revolutionize the gaming landscape with unparalleled features and benefits. Blockchain games represent a paradigm shift in gaming, offering a myriad of advantages over traditional counterparts. Fantom Gaming recognizes the transformative potential of blockchain technology in gaming and is committed to harnessing its unique features to create an immersive and rewarding gaming experience.

Digital Ownership

One of the cornerstones of blockchain games is the concept of digital ownership. Fantom Gaming empowers players by enabling them to truly own and trade their in-game assets, currencies, and more. This not only enhances the sense of ownership and investment but also introduces new avenues for economic activities within and beyond the game environment.

Next-Level Economics

By integrating blockchain technology, Fantom Gaming transcends traditional gaming boundaries, enabling game currencies to facilitate universal economic activities. This opens up exciting possibilities for players to engage in decentralized finance (DeFi) activities and participate in broader economic ecosystems.

Interoperability

Fantom Gaming embraces interoperability, allowing developers to seamlessly leverage assets from different games and projects into their creations. This fosters creativity and collaboration within the gaming community, leading to the emergence of richer and more diverse gaming experiences.

Speed and High Throughput

With Fantom’s lightning-fast transaction processing capabilities, gameplay on Fantom Gaming is characterized by unparalleled speed and responsiveness. Transactions are executed within a second, maintaining low and stable costs even amidst millions of daily transactions.

Access to Funding

Fantom Gaming provides developers with access to funding through grants and Gas Monetization, empowering them to finance their game projects and bring their creative visions to life.

Ultra-Fast Finality and Low Transaction Fees

Fantom Gaming boasts ultra-fast finality, with transactions confirmed in less than a second, ensuring a smooth and frictionless gaming experience. Additionally, transaction fees are kept minimal, with costs as low as <0.01$, making Fantom Gaming accessible to a wide range of players.

Planet-Friendly Gaming

In an era where sustainability is paramount, Fantom Gaming takes pride in its environmentally conscious approach. The Fantom network consumes significantly less electricity than traditional gaming systems, with an energy footprint that is a fraction of the average US household’s consumption. By choosing Fantom Gaming, players contribute to the collective effort to reduce carbon emissions and minimize environmental impact.

Greenify Your Game

Fantom Gaming is committed to greenifying the gaming industry, setting a new standard for sustainability and eco-friendliness. By embracing the energy-efficient infrastructure of the Fantom network, developers and players alike can enjoy guilt-free gaming experiences while contributing to a greener planet.

Comparative Advantage

When compared to traditional gaming systems, Fantom Gaming’s energy footprint is significantly lower, underscoring its commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility. By embracing blockchain technology, Fantom Gaming not only offers cutting-edge gaming experiences but also paves the way for a more sustainable future for the gaming industry as a whole.

Digital Ownership with NFTs

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) stand out as a revolutionary force, transforming the landscape of digital ownership, uniqueness, and authentication. Powered by blockchain technology, NFTs provide a solution to the age-old problem of establishing true ownership in the digital realm, offering a wealth of possibilities for creators, collectors, and enthusiasts alike.

NFTs open up a vast array of opportunities across various domains. In NFTs lies the concept of digital ownership, allowing individuals to experience true ownership of digital assets or tokenize real-world assets on the blockchain. NFTs provide a robust mechanism for authenticating assets through on-chain proof. This ensures the integrity and provenance of digital assets, offering assurance to both creators and collectors regarding the authenticity and originality of the items. From rare artwork to limited edition collectibles, NFTs serve as a trusted solution for verifying the legitimacy of digital assets.

For creators, NFTs offer a groundbreaking opportunity to monetize their digital work and earn royalties with every trade. By tokenizing their creations as NFTs, creators can tap into new revenue streams and establish direct relationships with their audience, eliminating intermediaries and maximizing their earning potential. Fantom emerges as a leader in the realm of NFTs, addressing key challenges and unlocking the full potential of this transformative technology.

PaintSwap: The Ultimate NFT Marketplace

As the most advanced decentralized NFT marketplace, PaintSwap offers users a seamless platform for buying, selling, and trading NFTs. With low trading fees and a user-friendly interface, PaintSwap provides a vibrant marketplace where creators and collectors can connect, discover, and exchange digital assets with ease.

Fantom simplifies the process of creating NFTs through smart contracts, offering support for royalties without requiring coding skills. Creators can mint NFTs to their smart contracts using a straightforward interface, empowering them to tokenize their creations and engage with the NFT ecosystem effortlessly. PaintSwap’s open marketplace allows users to list and sell their NFTs with ease, providing a frictionless experience for creators and collectors alike. With low trading fees and a diverse range of assets, PaintSwap fosters a dynamic ecosystem where NFTs can be bought, sold, and traded freely.

إخلاء المسؤولية
* ينطوي الاستثمار في العملات الرقمية على مخاطر كبيرة. فيرجى المتابعة بحذر. ولا تهدف الدورة التدريبية إلى تقديم المشورة الاستثمارية.
* تم إنشاء الدورة التدريبية من قبل المؤلف الذي انضم إلى مركز التعلّم في Gate. ويُرجى العلم أنّ أي رأي يشاركه المؤلف لا يمثّل مركز التعلّم في Gate.