الدرس رقم 2

Overview of the Injective Protocol

Module 2 provides a comprehensive look at the Injective Protocol, a trailblazer in the DeFi landscape. Participants will learn about the history and philosophical underpinnings of Injective, explore the intricacies of its ecosystem, and discover the key features that set it apart from other blockchain platforms. This module lays the groundwork for understanding how Injective contributes to the broader DeFi movement and its significance in fostering financial inclusivity and innovation.

History and development of Injective Protocol

The journey of the Injective Protocol is a remarkable testament to innovation and the relentless pursuit of decentralization within the financial sector. Born out of the inadequacies and restrictions of traditional financial systems and centralized exchanges, Injective Protocol was conceptualized to bring about truly free and decentralized trading experiences. Its inception followed significant research and development, aiming to address issues such as lack of true decentralization, poor liquidity, and front-running that plagued existing trading platforms.

The development of Injective Protocol was spearheaded by a group of visionary entrepreneurs and blockchain experts who recognized the gaps within the DeFi space, especially concerning decentralized exchanges. They sought to create a protocol that was fully decentralized, superlatively fast, and most importantly, offered a borderless trading experience. The team received backing from prominent investors, reflecting the confidence in their innovative approach and the potential impact of their project on the DeFi landscape.

Injective Protocol’s journey was marked by milestones that shaped its development. One such significant phase was the launch of its testnet, which demonstrated the protocol’s capabilities and served as a crucial testing ground for its features. This period saw extensive community involvement and feedback, helping to refine the platform. The subsequent mainnet launch marked Injective Protocol’s official entry into the market, ready for real-world deployment and community use.

A pivotal aspect of Injective Protocol’s evolution was its emphasis on governance. From its early days, the team behind Injective understood the importance of creating a platform that was not only decentralized but also truly belonged to its users. The introduction of a decentralized governance structure ensured that every token holder could have a say in the project’s development, reflecting the true spirit of decentralization.

The protocol’s development also saw strategic partnerships and collaborations, which were instrumental in bolstering its position within the DeFi space. By allying with other key players in the industry, Injective Protocol enhanced its offerings, integrating unique features and tapping into the existing user bases of its partners. These collaborations contributed to the rapid growth of the platform, attracting a diverse user base keen on exploring its innovative features.

Today, Injective Protocol stands as a beacon in the DeFi world, exemplifying how dedication to decentralization, user empowerment, and continuous innovation can revolutionize financial trading. Its journey from an idea to a fully-fledged protocol highlights the power of community, the importance of an open, permissionless financial system, and the endless possibilities that blockchain technology can unlock.

Injective’s Team and Investors

Injective Protocol has attracted significant investment and support from leading firms in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry. Binance Labs, the venture capital and investment arm of Binance, has been a major backer of Injective Protocol. Binance Labs focuses on supporting and investing in early-stage blockchain and cryptocurrency startups, aiming to advance the development and adoption of blockchain technology. In October 2020, Injective Protocol raised $3.6 million from Binance Labs, Hashed, and Yield Ventures in an initial coin offering. Binance Labs had previously invested $500,000 in a pre-seed round in October 2018, demonstrating their confidence in Injective Protocol’s potential.

Pantera Capital, a San Francisco-based investment firm specializing in blockchain technology and digital assets, has also invested in Injective Protocol. With over $4.2 billion in assets under management, Pantera Capital is a leading investor in the blockchain industry. In April 2021, they participated in Injective Protocol’s $10 million funding round, recognizing the platform’s potential to transform the DeFi space. Pantera Capital’s initial investment in Injective Protocol was in July 2020, leading a seed funding round that raised a total of $2.6 million.

Jump Crypto, the cryptocurrency arm of Jump Trading Group, a quantitative trading firm, has made significant investments in the cryptocurrency and blockchain space, including Injective Protocol. Known for its strategic approach to investing and identifying promising blockchain projects early on, Jump Crypto supports the future of decentralized finance by building infrastructure for innovative protocols, dApps, and platforms. In August 2022, Injective Protocol raised $40 million in its latest funding round, with Jump Crypto as the lead investor alongside BH Digital.

Understanding the Injective Ecosystem

The Injective Ecosystem is a vibrant network of decentralized applications (dApps), community members, and protocols, all converging to create a holistic decentralized financial marketplace. It’s built on the foundational principle of decentralization, extending the ethos of permissionless access and financial inclusivity. This ecosystem isn’t just a collection of services but a complex, interrelated environment where each component – from dApps to users – plays a critical role in maintaining the health and efficiency of the entire system.

At its core, the Injective Ecosystem thrives on its decentralization, ensuring that no single entity has control over the entire network. This design is intentional, promoting a democratic form of governance where every stakeholder has a voice. It’s a stark departure from traditional financial systems, where central authorities hold disproportionate power. In the Injective Ecosystem, power is evenly distributed, with community consensus driving major decisions, ranging from updates to the protocol to new feature implementations.

Recognizing that innovation doesn’t happen in a vacuum, Injective provides a nurturing environment for developers to build on its platform. This approach has led to the creation of numerous dApps, each adding unique value to the ecosystem. These applications expand the use cases of Injective, from decentralized exchanges to creative financial products, enhancing the platform’s versatility.

The ecosystem also prioritizes security and scalability, understanding that these are foundational to gaining trust and expanding its user base. It employs cutting-edge technology to safeguard user assets while maintaining an environment conducive to growth. This dual focus ensures that the ecosystem remains resilient in the face of external shocks and internal stresses, a necessary trait in the ever-evolving world of DeFi.

Injective’s ecosystem is not a closed system but is interconnected with the broader DeFi world. It integrates with other blockchains and DeFi platforms, creating a web of interoperability that enhances user experience and expands opportunities. This design recognizes that for DeFi to reach its full potential, different platforms must work together, breaking down the silos that have hindered traditional finance.

The success of the Injective Ecosystem hinges on its community. From developers to casual users, each member contributes to the ecosystem’s vitality. This community-driven approach extends to governance, where users guide the protocol’s evolution, reflecting the true spirit of decentralization. The Injective Ecosystem, with its blend of technology, governance, and community, stands as a pioneering model of a democratic financial system.

Key features and components of Injective

Injective Protocol is distinguished by several key features and components that set it apart in the crowded DeFi space. Unlike many platforms that claim decentralization, Injective embodies this principle, ensuring that users retain full control over their funds and transactions at all times. This approach eliminates the risks associated with third-party control, particularly in trading environments.

The protocol’s commitment to offering a truly borderless trading experience is another defining feature. Users from any part of the world can participate in trading activities without the restrictions often imposed by traditional exchanges. This global access is not just about opening up markets; it’s about democratizing finance, giving everyone regardless of their location, an equal opportunity to participate in market activities.

Speed and scalability are critical in trading environments, and Injective Protocol excels in both. Built on a robust technological foundation, the protocol can handle a large volume of transactions simultaneously without compromising speed. This performance level addresses one of the most common complaints about blockchain platforms - the latency that can disrupt trading activities. With Injective, users can execute trades instantaneously, a feature that’s particularly valuable in the fast-paced world of trading.

Injective Protocol also recognizes the diverse needs of traders and offers a wide range of markets, including derivatives, futures, and spot trades. This diversity is not just about providing options; it’s about creating a comprehensive trading environment where users can hedge, speculate, and access multiple asset classes. The protocol’s flexibility extends to the creation of new markets, where users can propose and create new derivative markets, a feature that underscores Injective’s commitment to innovation and user empowerment.

The protocol’s zero-gas fees model further enhances its appeal, removing one of the significant barriers to entry for many users - the cost. By eliminating gas fees, Injective ensures that users can execute trades and participate in the market without worrying about excessive fees eroding their profits. This model is particularly beneficial for small traders for whom gas fees can be a prohibitive factor.

Security is paramount in any financial setting, and Injective Protocol has instituted several measures to ensure user funds are protected. One such measure is the use of Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) to prevent front-running, a common issue in decentralized exchanges. This security feature ensures that order submissions are processed sequentially, maintaining a fair trading environment.

The governance model of Injective Protocol is another component worth highlighting. It operates on a truly decentralized governance structure, where INJ token holders have the power to propose and vote on protocol changes and updates. This democratic approach ensures that the protocol evolves in a direction that benefits its entire community, rather than being subject to the decisions of a centralized authority. It encourages active participation from its users, fostering a sense of ownership and community within the platform.

Injective’s layer-2 structure is a crucial feature that distinguishes it from other DeFi platforms. By utilizing a layer-2 scaling solution, Injective can process transactions with significantly higher speed and lower costs compared to conventional layer-1 based DeFi platforms. This layer-2 approach is integrated with Ethereum, allowing Injective to leverage Ethereum’s robust network while offering a solution to the common problems of high gas fees and network congestion.

Injective Protocol includes a robust risk management system designed to protect its users and ensure market stability. This system includes automated mechanisms to handle liquidity shortfalls and manage volatile market conditions, providing users with confidence that their trades will be executed reliably and efficiently.

The protocol’s EVM-compatible environment is another standout feature, allowing developers to create and deploy decentralized applications seamlessly. This compatibility lowers the barriers to entry for developers accustomed to Ethereum’s infrastructure, fostering a diverse and innovative dApp ecosystem on Injective.

Injective’s approach to liquidity is innovative, adopting a decentralized model that allows for permissionless liquidity pools. Users can provide liquidity by depositing assets, earning fees from trading activity, and contributing to the protocol’s overall health. This model not only offers financial incentives but also ensures robust market depth and asset availability for trading.

Injective Chain

Injective Chain is a critical component of the Injective Ecosystem, designed as a fully decentralized layer-1 blockchain protocol. It is engineered to facilitate a new wave of decentralized finance applications, offering a unique blend of speed, security, and scalability. The chain is tailored to support a wide range of financial applications, from decentralized exchanges to advanced financial derivatives.
Its consensus mechanism is based on the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) model. This mechanism not only ensures high transaction throughput but also maintains network security and decentralization. Validators on the Injective Chain are incentivized to act honestly and efficiently, as they are rewarded for their contributions to the network’s stability and penalized for any malicious activities.

Its interoperability with other blockchain networks allows for seamless cross-chain transactions, expanding the possibilities for users within the Injective Ecosystem. The chain can interact with multiple blockchains, enabling a fluid exchange of information and assets, which is crucial for the diverse range of applications it supports.

The blockchain supports the development of decentralized applications (dApps) through its integration with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This compatibility allows developers to create and deploy Ethereum-based dApps on the Injective Chain, leveraging its enhanced performance capabilities. The EVM compatibility is a strategic move, as it taps into the extensive developer community and existing infrastructure of Ethereum.

The chain undergoes regular security audits and updates to ensure that it remains resilient against potential vulnerabilities and threats. These security measures are crucial in maintaining trust and reliability within the Injective Ecosystem.

Governance on the Injective Chain is community-driven, with INJ token holders playing a significant role in the decision-making process. This governance model allows for a democratic and transparent approach to protocol upgrades and changes, ensuring that the chain evolves in line with the community’s needs and interests.

Highlights

  1. Origins and Evolution: Injective Protocol emerged to address critical gaps in the DeFi space, evolving through phases of development, community feedback, and strategic partnerships to establish its current form.
  2. Decentralized Nature: Emphasizing full decentralization, Injective Protocol ensures user autonomy over funds and decisions, contrasting with traditional finance systems’ centralized control.
  3. Borderless Trading: Injective champions unrestricted global access to trading, offering a diverse range of markets and financial instruments, democratizing finance beyond geographical limitations.
  4. High Performance and Scalability: With its advanced technology, Injective handles high transaction volumes with low latency, providing a seamless trading experience even in high market activity periods.
  5. Innovative Market Approaches: From zero gas fees to a wide array of trading options like derivatives and futures, Injective removes barriers to entry and encourages market diversity.
  6. Robust Security Measures: Injective prioritizes user security with features like Verifiable Delay Functions to prevent front-running and other exploitative practices, ensuring a fair trading environment.
  7. Community-Centric Governance: Through its decentralized governance model, Injective empowers INJ token holders with voting rights on protocol developments, fostering a democratic, user-driven ecosystem.
إخلاء المسؤولية
* ينطوي الاستثمار في العملات الرقمية على مخاطر كبيرة. فيرجى المتابعة بحذر. ولا تهدف الدورة التدريبية إلى تقديم المشورة الاستثمارية.
* تم إنشاء الدورة التدريبية من قبل المؤلف الذي انضم إلى مركز التعلّم في Gate. ويُرجى العلم أنّ أي رأي يشاركه المؤلف لا يمثّل مركز التعلّم في Gate.
الكتالوج
الدرس رقم 2

Overview of the Injective Protocol

Module 2 provides a comprehensive look at the Injective Protocol, a trailblazer in the DeFi landscape. Participants will learn about the history and philosophical underpinnings of Injective, explore the intricacies of its ecosystem, and discover the key features that set it apart from other blockchain platforms. This module lays the groundwork for understanding how Injective contributes to the broader DeFi movement and its significance in fostering financial inclusivity and innovation.

History and development of Injective Protocol

The journey of the Injective Protocol is a remarkable testament to innovation and the relentless pursuit of decentralization within the financial sector. Born out of the inadequacies and restrictions of traditional financial systems and centralized exchanges, Injective Protocol was conceptualized to bring about truly free and decentralized trading experiences. Its inception followed significant research and development, aiming to address issues such as lack of true decentralization, poor liquidity, and front-running that plagued existing trading platforms.

The development of Injective Protocol was spearheaded by a group of visionary entrepreneurs and blockchain experts who recognized the gaps within the DeFi space, especially concerning decentralized exchanges. They sought to create a protocol that was fully decentralized, superlatively fast, and most importantly, offered a borderless trading experience. The team received backing from prominent investors, reflecting the confidence in their innovative approach and the potential impact of their project on the DeFi landscape.

Injective Protocol’s journey was marked by milestones that shaped its development. One such significant phase was the launch of its testnet, which demonstrated the protocol’s capabilities and served as a crucial testing ground for its features. This period saw extensive community involvement and feedback, helping to refine the platform. The subsequent mainnet launch marked Injective Protocol’s official entry into the market, ready for real-world deployment and community use.

A pivotal aspect of Injective Protocol’s evolution was its emphasis on governance. From its early days, the team behind Injective understood the importance of creating a platform that was not only decentralized but also truly belonged to its users. The introduction of a decentralized governance structure ensured that every token holder could have a say in the project’s development, reflecting the true spirit of decentralization.

The protocol’s development also saw strategic partnerships and collaborations, which were instrumental in bolstering its position within the DeFi space. By allying with other key players in the industry, Injective Protocol enhanced its offerings, integrating unique features and tapping into the existing user bases of its partners. These collaborations contributed to the rapid growth of the platform, attracting a diverse user base keen on exploring its innovative features.

Today, Injective Protocol stands as a beacon in the DeFi world, exemplifying how dedication to decentralization, user empowerment, and continuous innovation can revolutionize financial trading. Its journey from an idea to a fully-fledged protocol highlights the power of community, the importance of an open, permissionless financial system, and the endless possibilities that blockchain technology can unlock.

Injective’s Team and Investors

Injective Protocol has attracted significant investment and support from leading firms in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry. Binance Labs, the venture capital and investment arm of Binance, has been a major backer of Injective Protocol. Binance Labs focuses on supporting and investing in early-stage blockchain and cryptocurrency startups, aiming to advance the development and adoption of blockchain technology. In October 2020, Injective Protocol raised $3.6 million from Binance Labs, Hashed, and Yield Ventures in an initial coin offering. Binance Labs had previously invested $500,000 in a pre-seed round in October 2018, demonstrating their confidence in Injective Protocol’s potential.

Pantera Capital, a San Francisco-based investment firm specializing in blockchain technology and digital assets, has also invested in Injective Protocol. With over $4.2 billion in assets under management, Pantera Capital is a leading investor in the blockchain industry. In April 2021, they participated in Injective Protocol’s $10 million funding round, recognizing the platform’s potential to transform the DeFi space. Pantera Capital’s initial investment in Injective Protocol was in July 2020, leading a seed funding round that raised a total of $2.6 million.

Jump Crypto, the cryptocurrency arm of Jump Trading Group, a quantitative trading firm, has made significant investments in the cryptocurrency and blockchain space, including Injective Protocol. Known for its strategic approach to investing and identifying promising blockchain projects early on, Jump Crypto supports the future of decentralized finance by building infrastructure for innovative protocols, dApps, and platforms. In August 2022, Injective Protocol raised $40 million in its latest funding round, with Jump Crypto as the lead investor alongside BH Digital.

Understanding the Injective Ecosystem

The Injective Ecosystem is a vibrant network of decentralized applications (dApps), community members, and protocols, all converging to create a holistic decentralized financial marketplace. It’s built on the foundational principle of decentralization, extending the ethos of permissionless access and financial inclusivity. This ecosystem isn’t just a collection of services but a complex, interrelated environment where each component – from dApps to users – plays a critical role in maintaining the health and efficiency of the entire system.

At its core, the Injective Ecosystem thrives on its decentralization, ensuring that no single entity has control over the entire network. This design is intentional, promoting a democratic form of governance where every stakeholder has a voice. It’s a stark departure from traditional financial systems, where central authorities hold disproportionate power. In the Injective Ecosystem, power is evenly distributed, with community consensus driving major decisions, ranging from updates to the protocol to new feature implementations.

Recognizing that innovation doesn’t happen in a vacuum, Injective provides a nurturing environment for developers to build on its platform. This approach has led to the creation of numerous dApps, each adding unique value to the ecosystem. These applications expand the use cases of Injective, from decentralized exchanges to creative financial products, enhancing the platform’s versatility.

The ecosystem also prioritizes security and scalability, understanding that these are foundational to gaining trust and expanding its user base. It employs cutting-edge technology to safeguard user assets while maintaining an environment conducive to growth. This dual focus ensures that the ecosystem remains resilient in the face of external shocks and internal stresses, a necessary trait in the ever-evolving world of DeFi.

Injective’s ecosystem is not a closed system but is interconnected with the broader DeFi world. It integrates with other blockchains and DeFi platforms, creating a web of interoperability that enhances user experience and expands opportunities. This design recognizes that for DeFi to reach its full potential, different platforms must work together, breaking down the silos that have hindered traditional finance.

The success of the Injective Ecosystem hinges on its community. From developers to casual users, each member contributes to the ecosystem’s vitality. This community-driven approach extends to governance, where users guide the protocol’s evolution, reflecting the true spirit of decentralization. The Injective Ecosystem, with its blend of technology, governance, and community, stands as a pioneering model of a democratic financial system.

Key features and components of Injective

Injective Protocol is distinguished by several key features and components that set it apart in the crowded DeFi space. Unlike many platforms that claim decentralization, Injective embodies this principle, ensuring that users retain full control over their funds and transactions at all times. This approach eliminates the risks associated with third-party control, particularly in trading environments.

The protocol’s commitment to offering a truly borderless trading experience is another defining feature. Users from any part of the world can participate in trading activities without the restrictions often imposed by traditional exchanges. This global access is not just about opening up markets; it’s about democratizing finance, giving everyone regardless of their location, an equal opportunity to participate in market activities.

Speed and scalability are critical in trading environments, and Injective Protocol excels in both. Built on a robust technological foundation, the protocol can handle a large volume of transactions simultaneously without compromising speed. This performance level addresses one of the most common complaints about blockchain platforms - the latency that can disrupt trading activities. With Injective, users can execute trades instantaneously, a feature that’s particularly valuable in the fast-paced world of trading.

Injective Protocol also recognizes the diverse needs of traders and offers a wide range of markets, including derivatives, futures, and spot trades. This diversity is not just about providing options; it’s about creating a comprehensive trading environment where users can hedge, speculate, and access multiple asset classes. The protocol’s flexibility extends to the creation of new markets, where users can propose and create new derivative markets, a feature that underscores Injective’s commitment to innovation and user empowerment.

The protocol’s zero-gas fees model further enhances its appeal, removing one of the significant barriers to entry for many users - the cost. By eliminating gas fees, Injective ensures that users can execute trades and participate in the market without worrying about excessive fees eroding their profits. This model is particularly beneficial for small traders for whom gas fees can be a prohibitive factor.

Security is paramount in any financial setting, and Injective Protocol has instituted several measures to ensure user funds are protected. One such measure is the use of Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) to prevent front-running, a common issue in decentralized exchanges. This security feature ensures that order submissions are processed sequentially, maintaining a fair trading environment.

The governance model of Injective Protocol is another component worth highlighting. It operates on a truly decentralized governance structure, where INJ token holders have the power to propose and vote on protocol changes and updates. This democratic approach ensures that the protocol evolves in a direction that benefits its entire community, rather than being subject to the decisions of a centralized authority. It encourages active participation from its users, fostering a sense of ownership and community within the platform.

Injective’s layer-2 structure is a crucial feature that distinguishes it from other DeFi platforms. By utilizing a layer-2 scaling solution, Injective can process transactions with significantly higher speed and lower costs compared to conventional layer-1 based DeFi platforms. This layer-2 approach is integrated with Ethereum, allowing Injective to leverage Ethereum’s robust network while offering a solution to the common problems of high gas fees and network congestion.

Injective Protocol includes a robust risk management system designed to protect its users and ensure market stability. This system includes automated mechanisms to handle liquidity shortfalls and manage volatile market conditions, providing users with confidence that their trades will be executed reliably and efficiently.

The protocol’s EVM-compatible environment is another standout feature, allowing developers to create and deploy decentralized applications seamlessly. This compatibility lowers the barriers to entry for developers accustomed to Ethereum’s infrastructure, fostering a diverse and innovative dApp ecosystem on Injective.

Injective’s approach to liquidity is innovative, adopting a decentralized model that allows for permissionless liquidity pools. Users can provide liquidity by depositing assets, earning fees from trading activity, and contributing to the protocol’s overall health. This model not only offers financial incentives but also ensures robust market depth and asset availability for trading.

Injective Chain

Injective Chain is a critical component of the Injective Ecosystem, designed as a fully decentralized layer-1 blockchain protocol. It is engineered to facilitate a new wave of decentralized finance applications, offering a unique blend of speed, security, and scalability. The chain is tailored to support a wide range of financial applications, from decentralized exchanges to advanced financial derivatives.
Its consensus mechanism is based on the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) model. This mechanism not only ensures high transaction throughput but also maintains network security and decentralization. Validators on the Injective Chain are incentivized to act honestly and efficiently, as they are rewarded for their contributions to the network’s stability and penalized for any malicious activities.

Its interoperability with other blockchain networks allows for seamless cross-chain transactions, expanding the possibilities for users within the Injective Ecosystem. The chain can interact with multiple blockchains, enabling a fluid exchange of information and assets, which is crucial for the diverse range of applications it supports.

The blockchain supports the development of decentralized applications (dApps) through its integration with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This compatibility allows developers to create and deploy Ethereum-based dApps on the Injective Chain, leveraging its enhanced performance capabilities. The EVM compatibility is a strategic move, as it taps into the extensive developer community and existing infrastructure of Ethereum.

The chain undergoes regular security audits and updates to ensure that it remains resilient against potential vulnerabilities and threats. These security measures are crucial in maintaining trust and reliability within the Injective Ecosystem.

Governance on the Injective Chain is community-driven, with INJ token holders playing a significant role in the decision-making process. This governance model allows for a democratic and transparent approach to protocol upgrades and changes, ensuring that the chain evolves in line with the community’s needs and interests.

Highlights

  1. Origins and Evolution: Injective Protocol emerged to address critical gaps in the DeFi space, evolving through phases of development, community feedback, and strategic partnerships to establish its current form.
  2. Decentralized Nature: Emphasizing full decentralization, Injective Protocol ensures user autonomy over funds and decisions, contrasting with traditional finance systems’ centralized control.
  3. Borderless Trading: Injective champions unrestricted global access to trading, offering a diverse range of markets and financial instruments, democratizing finance beyond geographical limitations.
  4. High Performance and Scalability: With its advanced technology, Injective handles high transaction volumes with low latency, providing a seamless trading experience even in high market activity periods.
  5. Innovative Market Approaches: From zero gas fees to a wide array of trading options like derivatives and futures, Injective removes barriers to entry and encourages market diversity.
  6. Robust Security Measures: Injective prioritizes user security with features like Verifiable Delay Functions to prevent front-running and other exploitative practices, ensuring a fair trading environment.
  7. Community-Centric Governance: Through its decentralized governance model, Injective empowers INJ token holders with voting rights on protocol developments, fostering a democratic, user-driven ecosystem.
إخلاء المسؤولية
* ينطوي الاستثمار في العملات الرقمية على مخاطر كبيرة. فيرجى المتابعة بحذر. ولا تهدف الدورة التدريبية إلى تقديم المشورة الاستثمارية.
* تم إنشاء الدورة التدريبية من قبل المؤلف الذي انضم إلى مركز التعلّم في Gate. ويُرجى العلم أنّ أي رأي يشاركه المؤلف لا يمثّل مركز التعلّم في Gate.