Regarding the "triangle dilemma" of public blockchains, the community has debated for ten years without reaching a definitive conclusion. Achieving security, decentralization, and high performance simultaneously is difficult, almost like a curse embedded in the code. But recently, some breakthrough solutions have emerged, and this longstanding problem may finally be resolved.

There are two core technologies. The first is PeerDAS, which allows nodes to break free from the necessity of downloading all data. Through "sampling verification," security is guaranteed without sacrificing decentralization, and performance can be significantly improved. The second is zkEVM, which eliminates the need for nodes to execute every transaction repeatedly; a single zero-knowledge proof suffices for validation, effectively shifting from "solving problems" to "checking answers," drastically reducing the computational burden.

According to current plans, between 2026 and 2030, we will see an efficient and secure L1 base layer, covered with countless parallel L2 networks. Users may not even perceive the existence of the "chain," yet the actual throughput could reach hundreds of thousands of TPS. More importantly, how lightweight will the validation become? It could be done on a mobile phone.

The ultimate goal of this approach points to a concept called "exit testing"—even if all core developers and service providers disappear, the network can still operate autonomously and securely. It sounds distant, but this is not about compromise; rather, it’s a rebalancing of the "triangle" through modular engineering thinking.

Therefore, the answer to the problem is not "choose one," but to break through the old constraints with a completely new architecture. In a few years, looking back, these debates will seem as primitive as trying to breed faster horses before the invention of the automobile. What blockchain is building is a global, never-down financial infrastructure. How vast this potential is depends on your perspective.